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Xiaomi Officially Integrates Open Source Home Assistant - A New Smart Home Experience

mi-home-assistant

1. Brief Introduction

Hello everyone! Today we are going to talk about an exciting project for smart home enthusiasts: Xiaomi Official Home Assistant Integration (ha_xiaomi_home). This project is developed and maintained by Xiaomi, aiming to provide Home Assistant users with a smoother and more reliable control experience for Xiaomi IoT devices.

In the past, while there were some third-party integrations for Xiaomi devices on the market, they had various issues, such as delayed device status responses. Now, with official support, we can expect better performance and stronger security.

Home Assistant is an open-source home automation platform known for its powerful compatibility and flexibility, loved by DIY enthusiasts. Now, with Xiaomi, a giant in the smart home field, joining the Home Assistant ecosystem, it is undoubtedly something to look forward to.

Main Features:

  • Official Support: Developed and maintained by Xiaomi, providing better stability and compatibility.
  • Home Assistant Integration: Allows users to control and manage Xiaomi smart devices within Home Assistant.
  • Enhanced User Experience: Aims to provide faster device status responses, addressing delays present in third-party integrations.
  • Wide Device Support: Supports most Xiaomi IoT devices, except for Bluetooth, infrared, and virtual devices.
  • Multi-account and Regional Support: Supports multiple Xiaomi accounts and allows devices from different regions to be added to the same Home Assistant area.

2. Core Features

  • Multiple Installation Methods: Supports various installation methods, including Git clone, HACS, and manual installation. The official recommendation is to use Git clone for easier version management and updates.
    • Git clone installation: cd config; git clone https://github.com/XiaoMi/ha_xiaomi_home.git; cd ha_xiaomi_home; ./install.sh /config.
  • OAuth 2.0 Login: Adopts OAuth 2.0 login method, not storing user passwords directly in Home Assistant, enhancing security.
  • Cloud Control and Local Control: Primarily controlled through Xiaomi Cloud. For devices that support local control, communication can occur through Xiaomi gateways or local area networks.
    • Cloud Control: Communication and control through Xiaomi cloud servers.
    • Local Control: Direct communication within the local network via Xiaomi central gateway or LAN, but local control is not available in all regions.
      • Central Gateway: Available only in mainland China.
      • LAN Control: Available in all regions but limited to IP devices and is experimental, not recommended for use.
  • Device Message Subscription Mechanism: Uses a message subscription mechanism to push messages to Home Assistant in real-time when device properties change or events occur, reducing polling pressure on the cloud.
  • MIoT-Spec-V2 Mapping: Uses the Xiaomi IoT protocol MIoT-Spec-V2 to map devices, services, properties, events, and actions to entities in Home Assistant, ensuring device functionality.

3. Usage Tips

  • Multi-account Management: After logging in and configuring one Xiaomi account, you can add other Xiaomi accounts by clicking "Add HUB".
  • Region Selection: When importing Xiaomi devices, be sure to select the correct region, as data from different regions is isolated.
  • Debug Mode: Enabling debug mode for actions allows you to manually send action commands with parameters.
  • Entity Conversion Rule Updates: If you modify the specv2entity.py, spec_filter.json, or multi_lang.json files, you need to update the entity conversion rules in the integration configuration page for changes to take effect.
  • Custom Filtering: Use the spec_filter.json file to filter out MIoT-Spec-V2 instances that do not need to be converted to Home Assistant.
  • Localization: The multi_lang.json file is used to provide localized translations of device names and other text elements, taking precedence over cloud translations.

4. Application Cases

  • Smart Lighting Control: Control the brightness, color, and switch status of Xiaomi smart bulbs through Home Assistant.
  • Smart Security: Combine Xiaomi smart cameras and sensors to achieve home security automation, such as sending alerts when abnormal movement is detected.
  • Environmental Monitoring: Use Xiaomi temperature and humidity sensors to monitor indoor environments in real-time and automatically adjust air conditioning or heating based on temperature.
  • Automated Scenarios: Utilize Home Assistant's automation features to set various scenarios, such as "Home Mode," "Away Mode," etc., to achieve smart home automation control.

5. Security Concerns

Although the Xiaomi official integration uses OAuth 2.0 login methods to enhance security, there are still some security risks:

  • Plaintext Storage of User Data: Sensitive information such as device information, certificates, and tokens are stored in plaintext in Home Assistant's configuration files. This means that if the configuration file is leaked, others may access your Xiaomi devices.
  • Protecting Configuration Files: You need to ensure that your Home Assistant configuration files are well protected to prevent leaks.
  • Revoking Authorization: If you suspect that the OAuth token has been leaked, you can revoke login authorization through the Xiaomi Home App.

Therefore, it is essential to properly safeguard your Home Assistant configuration files to prevent leaks!

6. Frequently Asked Questions

  • Which devices are not supported?
    • Currently, Bluetooth devices, infrared devices, and virtual devices are not supported.
  • How to add multiple Xiaomi accounts?
    • In the configured Xiaomi Home integration page, click "Add HUB" to add other Xiaomi accounts.
  • Is local control available in all regions?
    • Local control through the central gateway is only available in mainland China, while LAN control is available in all regions but limited to IP devices and is not recommended for use.
  • Why does the official recommend Git clone installation?
    • Git clone is convenient for version switching and updates, making management easier.
  • How to update the integration?
    • You can switch to a specified version through Git clone or use HACS for updates.
  • How to use custom configurations?
    • You can edit the spec_filter.json and multi_lang.json files for filtering and translation, and update entity conversion rules.

Essential IT Tool Ventoy - Multi-ISO Boot Drive Solution

Ventoy

Essential IT Tool Ventoy: Multi-ISO Boot Drive Solution

1. Brief Introduction

Have you ever needed multiple USB drives to install different operating systems or run various system maintenance tools? Ventoy was created to solve this problem. Ventoy is a free, open-source tool that allows you to copy multiple ISO, WIM, IMG, VHD(x) image files to a single USB drive and select which image to boot from at startup.

  • Background: Before Ventoy, the traditional approach was to create a separate boot USB drive for each operating system or tool. This method not only wasted USB drive resources but was also cumbersome to manage. Ventoy's developers created this powerful multi-boot tool based on several open-source projects to address this issue.
  • Core Functionality: Ventoy's core feature allows users to store multiple operating system and tool ISO files on a single USB drive, selecting the boot option through a menu at startup. This greatly simplifies multi-system boot management and saves time and resources.

2. Core Features

Ventoy has many powerful features that make it an incredibly useful tool:

  • Multi-boot Capability: This is Ventoy's most essential feature. Simply copy various ISO files to the USB drive, and Ventoy will recognize and list them for selection at boot time.
  • Simple Installation: Ventoy's installation process is straightforward for both Windows and Linux users. The installation process won't destroy existing data on the USB drive, and updates are equally simple.
  • No Formatting Required: Unlike traditional methods, Ventoy doesn't require you to format the USB drive beforehand. Just copy ISO files to the first partition.
  • Automatic Image Recognition: Ventoy automatically searches for ISO files in all directories and subdirectories on the USB drive, listing them alphabetically in the boot menu. Users can specify search directories through plugins.
  • Multiple File Format Support: Besides ISO files, Ventoy supports WIM, IMG, VHD, and VHDX files.
  • Dual Purpose: A Ventoy USB drive can be used not only for booting systems but also for storing other files like a regular USB drive.
  • Customization: Ventoy provides a powerful plugin system allowing users to customize the boot menu's appearance, functionality, and more.
  • MBR and GPT Partition Support: Ventoy supports both MBR (Legacy BIOS) and GPT (UEFI) partition schemes, suitable for various old and new computers.

3. Usage Tips

Here are some tips to help you better use Ventoy:

  • Installing Ventoy: On Windows, download and extract the Ventoy zip file, run Ventoy2Disk.exe, select your USB drive, and click "Install" or "Update". On Linux, download and extract the tar.gz file, then use the sh Ventoy2Disk.sh command to install or update.
  • Copying ISO Files: After installation, copy ISO files to the first partition of the USB drive. Ventoy will recognize them automatically.
  • Booting Ventoy: Insert the USB drive, restart the computer, and select to boot from USB. You'll see Ventoy's boot menu where you can select which ISO file to boot.
  • Custom File Systems: Ventoy uses exFAT by default, compatible with Windows, Linux, and macOS. You can reformat the first partition to other file systems like FAT32, NTFS, UDF, XFS, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, etc., but note that using XFS, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4 formats will prevent system installation on Windows.
  • Using Reserved Space: Since Ventoy 1.0.14, you can reserve space at the end of the USB drive for additional partitions. These partitions can store other files or install other operating systems.
  • Backing Up Personal Files: You can create a folder on your Ventoy USB drive to store personal files. You can also use tools like FBackup to automatically backup personal files to this folder.
  • Exploring the Plugin System: Ventoy offers various plugins to enhance functionality, such as custom menus and specified search directories.

4. Use Cases

Ventoy has a wide range of applications that can meet various user needs:

  • System Maintenance and Repair: You can store Windows installation ISOs, Linux distribution ISOs, Hiren's BootCD, and other tool ISOs on a Ventoy USB drive for system repair, troubleshooting, and data recovery.
  • Multi-system Experience: You can easily switch between multiple operating systems without repeated installations and uninstallations.
  • Software Testing: You can quickly test various operating systems and software using Ventoy.
  • IT Professionals: IT technicians can use Ventoy to centrally manage multiple system tools and installers, improving work efficiency.
  • Personal Users: Individual users can use Ventoy to backup personal files and as an emergency boot drive in case of system crashes.

5. Limitations

Despite its powerful features, Ventoy has some limitations:

  • Compatibility: While Ventoy is compatible with most systems, there may still be some incompatibility issues. You can check the compatible ISO file list on Ventoy's official website.
  • USB Drive Space: The USB drive's capacity will limit the number of ISO files you can store, so choose a sufficiently large drive.
  • Reserved Space: Reserved space can only be at the end of the USB drive and cannot be used by Ventoy.
  • File System Choice: If you format the first partition with Linux-specific file systems (XFS, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4), you won't be able to use the USB drive to install systems on Windows.

6. Common Questions

  • How does Ventoy work? Ventoy divides the USB drive into two partitions: the first for storing ISO files, the second for UEFI boot files. Ventoy uses a bootloader program to boot the system.
  • What's the difference between MBR and GPT? MBR is used for traditional BIOS systems, while GPT is for UEFI systems. GPT supports larger hard drives and more partitions.
  • What operating systems and tools does Ventoy support? Ventoy supports various ISO-based operating systems and tools, such as Windows, Linux, and various system maintenance tools.
  • How to update Ventoy? Updating Ventoy follows the same method as installation and won't affect ISO files on the USB drive.
  • What if Ventoy installation fails? If Ventoy2Disk.exe installation fails, you can try using Ventoy LiveCD.

In conclusion, Ventoy is a powerful and user-friendly multi-boot USB solution. Whether you're an IT professional or a regular computer user, Ventoy can bring great convenience. Its emergence has completely changed how we manage and use boot USB drives, as described in the video: "This might be the last USB drive you'll ever need!"

  • in TV Box
  • 4 min read

My TV - A Free and Customizable Open Source IPTV Solution

mytv

Are you tired of expensive cable TV subscriptions and limited channel choices? Many people feel frustrated with the high costs, contracts, and lack of flexibility of traditional TV services. But what if there was a way to watch live TV without these restrictions? This is where "My TV" comes into play, a free open-source alternative that allows you to control your viewing experience. This blog post will explain what "My TV" is and how it provides a customizable IPTV experience.

What is "My TV"?

"My TV" is a free open-source IPTV software designed specifically for Android devices (especially smart TVs and TV boxes). It allows users to watch live TV channels by importing custom video sources, giving you the flexibility to choose what and how you watch. There are actually two versions: the original "my-tv" and a newer version called "my-tv-0". The "my-tv-0" version has enhanced features, such as remote configuration via QR codes, making it more user-friendly.

Features and Characteristics

The core advantage of "My TV" lies in its customizability. Here are some key features:

  • Customizable Video Sources: Users can configure their own video sources, providing flexibility and avoiding reliance on specific providers. This means you won't be locked into specific channels or providers.
  • Supported Formats: The application supports various video source formats, including:
    • .txt: A simple text format where each line defines a channel, with group name, #genre#, title, and video URL separated by commas.
    • .m3u: A more complex format typically used for IPTV playlists, which includes channel names, logos, and group titles using #EXTM3U and #EXTINF directives.
    • .json: A structured data format that allows defining properties such as "group," "logo," "name," "title," "uris" (video addresses), and headers.
  • Specific Features of "my-tv-0":
    • Remote Configuration: This version has a significant feature that allows easy setup via QR codes or HTTP addresses. You can scan a QR code with your phone to input your custom video source URL. This is a major upgrade from previous versions, as it eliminates the need to manually enter long and complex URLs using the TV remote. The text states: "After opening the configuration, select remote configuration, scan the QR code to configure the video source, etc. You can also directly configure the remote address http://0.0.0.0:34567."
    • Automatic Updates: If this option is configured, the application can automatically update video sources upon startup. "If the video source address is configured and 'Update video source after application startup' is enabled, the application will automatically update the video source after startup."
  • Basic Playback Control: Both versions allow users to navigate video lists, change channels, and manage favorites using a remote control or touchscreen. "Press the left button on the remote/touchscreen to open the video list."

Installation Guide

You can install "My TV" on Android TV devices using the following methods:

  • USB Installation: Download the APK file from the GitHub release page and install it using the file manager on your Android TV.
  • Xiaomi TV Assistant: Xiaomi TVs can use their TV assistant application for installation.
  • ADB (Android Debug Bridge): After enabling ADB on your device, use the command adb install my-tv.apk.

Please remember to enable "Install from unknown sources" in your Android settings to allow sideloading applications.

User Experience

"My TV" is generally considered easy to use, with the "my-tv-0" version being particularly convenient due to its QR code configuration. The original version of "my-tv" "directly opens CCTV live broadcasts." Many users find the software stable and reliable; one YouTube user called it "the best version." However, it is important to acknowledge that some devices may experience crashes or instability. Additionally, the availability and reliability of channels depend on the video sources you use. If you encounter issues, try restarting the application, restoring settings, or reinstalling it. The user interface primarily uses Chinese.

Ethical Considerations and Licensing

"My TV" is open-source software, meaning its source code is open to everyone. This allows for transparency, community involvement, and free access to media. However, it is important to note that "my-tv" is explicitly licensed for "learning and research" purposes only and should not be used for commercial purposes. The developers warn that it "may be terminated at any time" and encourage users to "use it cautiously and recommend watching through official channels." The software should be deleted within 24 hours after downloading. The reliability of streams depends on the stability of the video sources.

Finding Video Sources

The "My TV" application does not come with built-in video sources. You need to find these URLs elsewhere, usually from online forums, repositories, or other online spaces. These sources are third-party sources, and their reliability can vary greatly.

Future Development

Both "my-tv" and "my-tv-0" are actively being developed, with frequent releases on GitHub. You can check their respective GitHub pages (linked above) for the latest updates and "TODO" items. Some planned features include: * "my-tv-0": Support for playback history, detailed Electronic Program Guide (EPG), light menu themes, handling invalid channels, improved channel list management, default display of channel menus, and remote configuration using WebView. * "my-tv": Addressing volume inconsistency issues, adding specific channels, adding soft decoding, and implementing automatic updates.

Conclusion

"My TV" and its successor "My TV 0" offer a free and highly customizable way to watch live TV on Android-based devices. The advantages of these projects lie in their flexibility and user control, allowing the use of various video sources. The improvements in "my-tv-0," especially remote configuration via QR codes, address previous limitations, making the process more user-friendly. If you are looking for a free and customizable IPTV solution, give "My TV" a try and explore its features! If you are interested, consider contributing to the open-source project!

OpenWrt Explained

OpenWrt

OpenWrt is a Linux-based operating system primarily used for embedded devices such as routers. Unlike traditional router firmware, it provides a fully writable file system with package management. This allows users to customize their router's functionality by installing specific application packages, freeing them from vendor limitations. OpenWrt also typically supports devices longer than the original firmware and offers a large, helpful community.

Here are some key aspects of OpenWrt:

Installation and Basic Configuration

  • Hardware Requirements: When selecting a new router for OpenWrt, it is recommended to look for devices with "more than 8MB of flash and more than 64MB of RAM" to ensure full functionality of the operating system and GUI.
  • Firmware Selection: It is crucial to choose the correct firmware file for the specific model and hardware version of the router (e.g., "WR841N" hardware version "8"), as using the wrong file may "brick" the device. The correct firmware file will end with "factory.bin".
  • Flashing Process: Flashing is done through the router's web interface, and users should connect using an Ethernet cable and navigate to the "System Tools" -> "Firmware Upgrade" page.
  • Initial Access: After installation, access OpenWrt through the router's IP address (usually 192.168.1.1) via the LuCI web interface.
  • Security Hardening: The first step after installation should be to set the root password for enhanced security and configure the device as a Wi-Fi access point.
  • Wireless Settings: By default, wireless is turned off, and it must be manually enabled in the LuCI interface for the wireless access point functionality to work properly.
  • Basic Network Configuration: OpenWrt allows configuration of DHCP leases, network interfaces, and port forwarding settings.
  • Changing LAN IP Address: This tutorial demonstrates how to change the router's default LAN IP address (e.g., changing to 192.168.9.1). However, DHCP settings must be manually edited to prevent conflicts.

Advanced Configuration and Features

  • Wireless Client Mode (AP Client): OpenWrt can be configured as a wireless client to connect to an existing network and then redistribute that connection to devices on the LAN, which is useful for extending existing network coverage.
  • System Logs: OpenWrt stores comprehensive logs that provide real-time information about network operations, such as which devices have received IP addresses and general activity. These logs provide a good overview of the current network configuration.
  • LuCI Application: This tutorial introduces the installation of luci-app-statistics, which provides a good view of "router historical data charts," such as CPU, RAM, ping times, and system uptime.
  • Configuration Files: OpenWrt's configuration files use a section and option/value structure and are located in /etc/config/.
    • The general syntax is config [""] for sections, option "" for options. These files are parsed by the shell.
  • Network Configuration: Network interface configurations are stored in /etc/config/network. These can be set to "none," "static," "dhcp," or "pppoe" protocols. When using the static method, the ipaddr and netmask options are mandatory.
  • Switch Configuration: OpenWrt supports switch configuration for setting up VLANs.
    • Switch configurations are stored in /etc/config/network.
    • On Broadcom hardware, the section name needs to be eth0.
    • Each VLAN needs to have a name vlan, where n is the VLAN number. These values can include: * (for setting the default VLAN), u (untagged), and t (tagged). The CPU port on Broadcom hardware is port 5.
  • Wireless Configuration: WiFi settings are configured in /etc/config/wireless, and each wireless driver has a configuration file in /lib/wifi/.sh.
    • Some options you can set for wifi devices include: distance, mode, diversity, rxantenna, txantenna, txpower.
    • Options for wifi interfaces include: network, device, mode, ssid, and bssid.
    • Supported modes include: access point, client, ad-hoc, monitor, and WDS point-to-point.
  • 802.1x Authentication: OpenWrt supports 802.1x authentication (client and access point configuration), with EAP types being TLS, TTLS, or PEAP.

Development and Customization

  • Build System: The OpenWrt build system allows developers to create custom firmware images using a cross-compilation process.
  • Source Code: OpenWrt is available through a Subversion repository. Major directories include tools, toolchain, package, and target.
  • Building Images: The command make menuconfig is used to configure the build process, including selecting platforms, toolchains, and required packages.
  • Packages: Almost everything in OpenWrt firmware is a package (.ipk). These packages can be added to the firmware to provide new features or removed to save space.
  • Build Environment: OpenWrt provides a method to build images for multiple configurations using the command ./scripts/env.
  • Creating Packages: To create a package, create a makefile that will automatically show up in the menu the next time make menuconfig is run.
    • Some options you can configure include: PKG_NAME, PKG_VERSION, PKG_RELEASE, PKG_SOURCE, PKG_SOURCE_URL, PKG_MD5SUM, PKG_CAT, PKG_BUILD_DIR.
    • You can also add information such as DEPENDS, BUILDONLY Package//conffiles.
    • You will also need to define Build/Compile, Build/Install, and Package//install options.
  • Creating Kernel Module Packages: You can create packages for modules provided with the mainline kernel as well as external kernel modules by defining a KernelPackage section.
    • Configurable options include TITLE, DESCRIPTION, SUBMENU, KCONFIG, FILES, and AUTOLOAD.
  • Troubleshooting: The command TOPDIR=$PWD make -C package/ DUMP=1 V=99 can help diagnose whether a package is correctly displayed in menuconfig. You can also use commands like make package//clean V=99 or make package//install V=99 to clean or install specific packages.
  • Adding Platform Support: Many devices run Linux operating systems, even if the firmware is not open to consumers. OpenWrt can be ported to these devices by discovering whether they already run Linux and looking for developer toolkits.
    • Useful techniques for this include: operating system fingerprinting, port scanning, analyzing binary firmware images, checking flash amounts, and inserting serial ports.
    • Once a developer toolkit is found, kernel patches and binary drivers can be adjusted for OpenWrt, and new flash mapping drivers and firmware build tools can be developed.
  • Reporting Bugs: OpenWrt uses a Trac system for bug reporting.
    • Reporters can open tickets for bugs, new packages, or feature requests.
    • Developers can close, accept, and fix tickets.

Other Information

  • SSH: Command-line access to OpenWrt is typically done using SSH.
  • Text Editors: vi and vim can be used to edit text files in the command line. Common shortcuts can be found in the FAQ.
  • Windows Management Tools: Tools like cmder, SmarTTY, PuTTY, and WinSCP can be used to manage OpenWrt from Windows.
  • WAN and WAN6 Interfaces: WAN and WAN6 interfaces are used for upstream IPv4 and IPv6 connections, respectively. The LAN interface handles downstream IPv4 and IPv6, eliminating the need for a separate LAN6 interface.
  • Hotplug: OpenWrt can be dynamically configured based on events using hotplug, which is configured using scripts.
  • Init Scripts: All init scripts need to be installed as /etc/init.d/name and wrapped using /etc/rc.common. These scripts are used to start system services.
  • Network Scripts: Network scripts can be accessed by including /lib/network. These scripts help manage interfaces and have functions like find_config and setup_interface.

pytrends

Introduction

In today's data-driven world, understanding trends is crucial for businesses, researchers, and content creators. While Google Trends provides insights into popular search queries, manually extracting and analyzing this data can be time-consuming and inefficient. This is where Pytrends (an unofficial Google Trends Python API) comes into play. Pytrends allows you to automate the process of downloading data from Google Trends, opening up new possibilities for in-depth analysis and insights. This article will explore the features of Pytrends, guide you through its setup, and highlight its potential in trend analysis.

Key Concepts and Features

  • What is Pytrends? Pytrends is a "pseudo API for Google Trends" that provides a simple interface to automate the process of downloading reports from Google Trends. It is an unofficial API that allows users to "trick Google Trends" by extracting data at a much higher rate than manual methods. However, it is important to note that it relies on Google's current backend and may break due to updates from Google.
  • Installation and Setup: Pytrends can be installed using pip install pytrends. To connect to Google, you need to import TrendReq from pytrends.request and instantiate it, with options to set language, timezone, proxies, etc. For example: from pytrends.request import TrendReq, then pytrends = TrendReq(hl='en-US', tz=360).
  • Data Retrieval: Pytrends can retrieve various Google Trends data, including:
    • Interest Over Time: Shows historical data on how search interest has changed over time.
    • Multirange Interest Over Time: Interest over time for multiple ranges.
    • Historical Hourly Interest: Hourly search interest data.
    • Interest by Region: Shows where the keyword is searched the most.
    • Related Topics and Queries: Keywords and search queries related to the provided keyword.
    • Trending Searches: The latest trending search terms.
    • Realtime Search Trends: Real-time search trends.
    • Top Charts: Data from Google Trends' top charts.
    • Suggestions: Other suggested keywords.
  • Keywords: Keywords are the basis of Google Trends queries and can be any word or phrase entered by users in the Google search box. Advanced keywords can be used to narrow down searches; for example, searching for "iron" may yield results for "Iron Chemical Element," "Iron Cross," or "Iron Man." The get_suggestions() function helps find these encoded topic IDs provided by Google Trends.
  • API Parameters: Several common parameters are used in Pytrends API methods, including:
    • kw_list: A list of keywords to search for.
    • cat: Category codes to narrow down search results.
    • geo: Two-letter country/region abbreviations or lists of countries/regions.
    • tz: Timezone offset (in minutes).
    • timeframe: The time range to search within, using formats like "today 5-y," "all," or specific dates (e.g., "YYYY-MM-DD YYYY-MM-DD").
    • gprop: Filters searches to Google properties like images, news, YouTube, or shopping.
  • Timeframe Specifications: Various formats can be used to specify the timeframe, including:
    • 'today 5-y': The past 5 years, which is the default.
    • 'all': All available data.
    • 'YYYY-MM-DD YYYY-MM-DD': Specific date range. Example: '2016-12-14 2017-01-25'.
    • 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH YYYY-MM-DDTHH': Specific date and time range. Example: '2017-02-06T10 2017-02-12T07' (note that the time is in UTC).
    • 'today #-m': The past # months. Example: 'today 3-m' (only applicable for 1, 3, or 12 months).
    • 'now #-d': The past # days. Example: 'now 7-d' (only applicable for 1 or 7 days).
    • 'now #-H': The past # hours. Example: 'now 1-H' (only applicable for 1 or 4 hours).

Practical Applications

Pytrends can be used in various fields, including:

  • Market Research: Identifying popular products and services.
  • Content Creation: Discovering trending topics for blog posts, articles, and videos.
  • Academic Research: Analyzing social, economic, or political trends.
  • Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Determining the most searched keywords in different regions.
  • Trend Forecasting: Predicting future trends based on historical search data.

Limitations and Considerations:

  • Unofficial API: Pytrends is not an official Google API, so its reliability and longevity depend on Google's backend structure. Google may change its backend, potentially breaking Pytrends functionality.
  • Rate Limits: Google imposes rate limits on API requests, so users must be careful not to overload the server. If the rate limit is reached, it is recommended to sleep for 60 seconds between requests. Using proxies, retries, and backoff factors can help mitigate this issue.
  • Data Aggregation: Google may change the aggregation level for very large or very small search volume items, which is beyond the control of the Pytrends API.
  • HTTPS Proxies: Only HTTPS proxies are supported.

Community and Maintenance

Pytrends is an open-source project hosted on GitHub, with a community of users and contributors. While the project is looking for maintainers, it is an active repository with frequent contributions and a large user base.

Conclusion

Pytrends provides a powerful way to access and analyze Google Trends data, enabling users to automate data retrieval and gain deeper insights into search trends. However, due to its unofficial nature, users should be aware of the limitations and potential instability of this tool. By understanding its features and limitations, users can leverage Pytrends to stay ahead in trend analysis.

Unveiling the X79 Motherboard - Why Are Prices So Varied? In-Depth Comparison of Brands like ASUS and EVGA!

x79

Hello everyone! Today, we are going to discuss a topic that confuses many computer enthusiasts: the X79 motherboard. This once high-end platform is still active in the second-hand market, but prices vary widely. Ranging from a few hundred to several thousand yuan, what causes such a significant difference? Today, we will delve into this and compare several classic models to clear up your confusion!

X79 Motherboard: It's More Than Just Size Differences

Many friends may wonder, don't X79 motherboards all look similar? Is the price difference merely due to size? Of course not! As a Chinese video blogger said, "You get what you pay for." The quality and performance differences in X79 motherboards mainly manifest in the following aspects:

  • Authenticity of the Chipset:

    • Some cheap X79 motherboards may not actually use a genuine X79 chipset. They might be modified from lower-end chipsets like H61 or H81, disguised as X79. This practice can lead to significant drops in compatibility and stability.
    • In contrast, high-end X79 motherboards will use the native X79 chipset, ensuring performance and compatibility.

  • Power Supply Design:

    • Low-end X79 motherboards may falsely advertise the number of power phases. They may appear to have a 7-phase power supply, but in reality, they might just have a few inductors added without true power capabilities.
    • High-end X79 motherboards will employ genuine, high-quality power supply designs to ensure stable CPU operation, especially during overclocking.

  • Expansion Interfaces:

    • Cheap X79 motherboards may have very few expansion interfaces, such as only one M.2 interface or even lacking SATA 3.0 interfaces.
    • High-end X79 motherboards will provide a wealth of expansion interfaces, including multiple M.2 interfaces (supporting dual protocols) and several SATA 3.0 interfaces to meet users' needs for high-speed storage.

Classic Model Comparison: ASUS vs. EVGA

In the realm of X79 motherboards, ASUS and EVGA are two brands that cannot be overlooked. Let's compare their flagship models:

  1. ASUS Sabertooth X79:

    • Features: Known for its cooling design. It is equipped with fans on both the VRM and southbridge heatsinks, and there are heat pipes connecting the VRM heatsinks. This is crucial for the LGA2011 platform, as it tends to generate heat under high loads.
    • Interfaces: Equipped with 7 fan headers, 8 SATA ports (4 of which are 6Gbps), 6 USB 3.0 ports, and 2 eSATA 6Gbps ports.
    • Positioning: Although it has overclocking capabilities, it is more geared towards workstation users. It lacks some buttons and switches that extreme overclocking enthusiasts might need, such as power and reset buttons on the motherboard.
    • Pros: Strong cooling, comprehensive features, high stability.
    • Cons: Lacks some extreme overclocking features.

  2. EVGA X79 Dark:

    • Features: Uniquely designed for multi-GPU setups and extreme overclocking enthusiasts. It has 8 memory slots, 2 Intel NICs, and 10 SATA ports (6 of which are 6Gbps).
    • Interfaces: Features a unique PCIe layout that can support 3 triple-slot graphics cards or 5 single-slot graphics cards.
    • Design: Uses E-ATX specifications, with a 90-degree angled 24-pin power connector, suitable for large cases.
    • Positioning: Aimed at high-end gaming and extreme overclocking users.
    • Pros: Unique multi-GPU layout, strong overclocking potential.
    • Cons: Frequent BIOS issues, with initial releases even failing to correctly implement Intel Turbo Boost, and XMP functionality also had defects, leading to overclocking failures.

The Importance of BIOS: An Overlooked Detail

The example of the EVGA X79 Dark shows that the BIOS is crucial for motherboard performance. An unstable BIOS can lead to various issues, including the CPU not being able to boost properly, memory not operating at the correct frequency, or even failing to overclock. Therefore, when choosing a motherboard, it is essential to pay attention to the stability and maturity of its BIOS.

Conclusion and Recommendations

In summary, choosing an X79 motherboard is not just about looking at specifications; it requires a comprehensive consideration of your needs and budget.

  • If you prioritize stability and reliability and mainly use it for workstation applications, the ASUS Sabertooth X79 would be a good choice.
  • If you are an extreme overclocking enthusiast and are not afraid of tinkering, you might consider the EVGA X79 Dark, but be prepared to deal with potential BIOS issues.
  • Most importantly, do not be tempted to buy cheap, unverified second-hand X79 motherboards. Always choose legitimate channels and carefully verify the authenticity of the motherboard to avoid counterfeit products.
  • in Graphics
  • 6 min read

Explore GIMP - A Powerful Free Image Processing Tool

GIMP

GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-source image processing software that is powerful and can meet the needs of simple image modification to complex artistic creation. Whether you are a photography enthusiast, designer, or just need to process some images, GIMP is a good choice.

1. Brief Introduction

  • Development History: GIMP was developed in 1995 by students Peter Mattis and Spencer Kimball at the University of California, Berkeley. The initial goal was to create an intuitive graphical interface for various image editing operations. In 1997, GIMP officially became part of the GNU project. After years of development, GIMP has become one of the most popular open-source image editors. GIMP1996
  • Development Team: GIMP is maintained and developed by an active development team (GIMP Team). Additionally, many community contributors participate in advancing GIMP.
  • Main Features: GIMP is primarily used for photo editing, image composition, graphic design, digital painting, and batch image processing. It provides a wide range of tools and features to meet various image processing needs.
    • GIMP supports multiple operating systems, including GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.
    • GIMP follows the GNU General Public License (GPL) open-source protocol, allowing users to download, use, and modify the software for free.
    • The latest version of GIMP is 2.10.38 (as of November 2024), and it is regularly updated to provide feature enhancements and bug fixes.

2. Feature Overview and Interface

GIMP_interface * Customizable Interface: GIMP allows users to customize views and operations, including changing colors, control spacing, icon sizes, and creating custom toolsets. Users can modularize the interface into dockable panels and organize them through tabs. * Different windows (such as toolbox, layers window, etc.) can be docked as tabs or kept as independent windows by dragging. * Main Interface Components: * Main Toolbar: Located on the left side of the interface, it contains various tools such as selection tools, brush tools, fill tools, etc. * Layers Window: Usually located on the right side, it displays all layers of the currently opened image. Layers are an important component for complex image editing in GIMP, where you can add, delete, hide, or edit layers. * Properties Bar: Located at the top of the interface, it displays the relevant settings for the currently selected tool, allowing you to adjust parameters such as brush size, opacity, etc. * Main Functions: * Photo Enhancement: GIMP provides various tools for fixing perspective distortion, eliminating lens barrel distortion and vignetting, and adjusting color channels. * Digital Retouching: GIMP is suitable for advanced photo retouching techniques, such as using the Clone Tool to remove unwanted details and the Healing Tool for detail repair. * Painting Tools: GIMP offers a rich set of painting tools for creating illustrations and digital paintings. * Hardware Support: GIMP supports various input devices, such as pressure-sensitive and tilt-sensitive graphics tablets, USB, or MIDI controllers. * File Format Support: GIMP supports various common image formats, including JPEG, GIF, PNG, and TIFF, and also supports special formats like Windows icon files. It can also extend file format support through plugins. * Advanced Color Management: GIMP supports ICC profiles and high-precision color calibration, ensuring consistency between digital output and print output. * Batch Processing: GIMP supports batch image processing through built-in scripts or plugins, such as format conversion and resizing. * Support for Transparent Virtual File Systems, allowing files to be loaded and saved via protocols like FTP, HTTP, SMB, and SFTP/SSH.

3. Image Processing Guide

GIMP provides various image processing functions; here are some basic operations:

  • Resizing Images:
    1. Select "Image" > "Scale Image".
    2. In the pop-up dialog, enter the new width and height. If you want to maintain the aspect ratio, ensure the chain icon next to the width and height is locked.
    3. You can choose an interpolation method, where "Sinc (Lanczos3)" is typically used to preserve the best image quality.
    4. After scaling, use "File" > "Export" to save the modified image.
  • Adjusting JPEG File Size:
    1. Select "File" > "Export".
    2. In the pop-up dialog, adjust the JPEG compression quality. Lower quality settings will produce smaller file sizes but may lead to a decrease in image quality, and vice versa.
    3. You can check the option "Show preview in image window" to see real-time changes in image quality and file size while adjusting.
  • Cropping Images:
    1. Select the "Crop Tool" (icon is a blade).
    2. Click and drag the mouse on the image to draw a cropping box.
    3. You can adjust the cropping area by dragging the edges or corners of the cropping box.
    4. After confirming the cropping area, double-click inside the cropping box or press the "Enter" key to complete the crop.
    5. You can also use the "Rectangle Select Tool" to select an area first, then go to "Image" > "Crop to Selection" to crop.
  • Rotating and Flipping Images:
    1. Select "Image" > "Transform" menu.
    2. The "Flip" operation allows you to choose to flip the image horizontally or vertically.
    3. The "Rotate" operation allows you to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise, or 180 degrees.
    4. If you need to rotate at any angle, you will need to use the layer transformation feature, not just the image transformation.
  • Other Image Processing
    • GIMP provides various tools for adjusting colors, allowing you to improve the color performance of images. For example, by selecting "Colors" > "Brightness-Contrast" to adjust the brightness and contrast of the image.
    • GIMP also offers a rich set of filter effects to enhance the expressiveness of images. You can browse available filter effects in the "Filters" menu and set them as needed.

4. Tips for Use

  • Customizing Interface Layout: Use the "Window" menu to adjust the workspace layout and save commonly used tool arrangements.
  • Using Shortcuts: Familiarizing yourself with common shortcuts (like Ctrl+Z for undo, Ctrl+Shift+E for export) can significantly improve work efficiency.
  • Layer Management: Make good use of layer groups and mask functions to organize complex designs. Layers allow users to edit different elements of an image separately, making complex modifications easier, and you can adjust opacity and merge layers.
  • Automating Batch Tasks: Use Python scripts to implement batch export functions to improve efficiency.
  • Make Good Use of Plugins and Scripts: GIMP supports plugins and scripts, allowing you to add features based on personal needs, such as color management, filter effects, etc.

5. Frequently Asked Questions

  • What file formats can GIMP open? GIMP supports various file formats, including JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and PSD, etc.
  • How to recover deleted layers? You can select "Undo" in the "Layer" menu to recover.
  • How to improve GIMP's performance? Try closing unnecessary layers and windows; optimizing computer performance can also enhance GIMP's speed.
  • Does GIMP support plugins? Yes, GIMP supports various plugins, and users can download and install them as needed.
  • What is the difference between GIMP and Photoshop? GIMP is open-source and free, while Photoshop is a paid software. Functionally, GIMP and Photoshop are similar, but there may be differences in certain professional features.
  • How to customize GIMP's interface? You can customize the interface through "Edit" > "Preferences", including toolbars, window layouts, etc.
  • Why does my image appear blurry? It may be due to improper resolution settings; try adjusting the resolution in "Scale Image".
  • How to select a specific color area? Use the "Magic Wand" tool in the "Select Tool" to quickly select areas of similar colors.
  • How to perform batch image processing? GIMP supports batch processing using scripts, allowing users to create custom scripts for automation.

Summary

GIMP is a powerful and free image processing software that can be used by both professionals and amateurs to complete various image processing tasks. I hope this blog helps you better understand and use GIMP.

Tabby - A Highly Configurable Open Source Terminal Tool

Tabby

For programmers, the terminal is an indispensable tool in our daily work. However, the built-in terminal tools often have limited functionality and a monotonous appearance. Today, I want to introduce you to a modern terminal tool that is open-source and free: Tabby (formerly known as Terminus). Tabby has powerful features and a highly customizable interface that can meet the needs of various users, making terminal operations more efficient and enjoyable.

What is Tabby?

Tabby is a highly configurable terminal emulator and SSH or serial client that supports Windows, macOS, and Linux systems. It integrates SSH, Telnet clients, and connection managers, providing serial terminal functionality. Tabby is not a brand-new shell, nor is it a replacement for MinGW or Cygwin. If you are very sensitive to memory usage, you might consider Conemu or Alacritty. Tabby

Features of Tabby

Tabby has numerous features that make it a powerful terminal tool. Here are some of the main features:

  • Multi-terminal Tabs: Tabby can display multiple terminal tabs, allowing users to operate multiple terminal sessions simultaneously. Tabby
  • High Customizability: Users can customize the appearance and behavior of the interface in various ways, such as themes, color schemes, font settings, and shortcuts.
  • Plugin Extensions: Tabby supports enhancing functionality through plugins, such as clickable links, Docker connections, title control, quick commands, output saving, etc.
  • Multiple Connection Methods: Tabby supports various connection methods, including local Shell, Serial, SSH, Telnet, etc. TabbySSH
  • Cross-platform Support: Tabby supports Windows, macOS, and Linux systems and provides a web version for easy use across different platforms.
  • Account System: Tabby supports an account system that can sync user information, such as configurations and plugins.
  • Rich Terminal Features: Including split panes, auto-saving tabs, progress detection, process completion notifications, bracket pasting, multi-line paste prompts, etc.
  • Powerful SSH Client: Supports X11 and port forwarding, automatic jump host management, proxy forwarding, etc.
  • Practical Serial Terminal Features: Supports saving connections, line-by-line input support, optional hexadecimal byte-by-byte input and output, line break conversion, and automatic reconnection.

Steps to Use Tabby

  1. Download and Install: Users can download the installation file suitable for their system from Tabby's GitHub page and install it.
  2. Launch the Software: After installation, open the Tabby software.
  3. Configure Options: Configure the interface and behavior options according to personal needs, including color schemes, fonts, plugins, and shortcuts.
  4. Add Terminal Tabs: In the current tab, type "tab new" to add a new terminal tab.
  5. Operate the Terminal: Enter commands and perform other operations in the terminal, such as browsing folders, editing files, etc.
  6. Exit the Software: Enter the "exit" command or exit through the software menu.

Summary

Tabby is a powerful, visually appealing, and highly customizable modern terminal tool. It supports various connection methods, cross-platform use, plugin extensions, etc., meeting the needs of various users. If you are looking for a tool that can enhance terminal operation efficiency and experience, Tabby is definitely worth a try.

Bruno - A Fast and Git-Friendly Open Source API Client

Bruno

Bruno is an open-source API client designed to revolutionize the current state of API testing tools. Unlike tools like Postman and Insomnia, Bruno adopts an innovative local-first strategy, storing API collections directly in the local file system and using a specially designed Bru plain text markup language to save API request information. This design not only ensures data security but also greatly enhances work efficiency.

Core Features of Bruno

run-anywhere

Offline First Design

  • All data is stored locally, eliminating concerns about network connectivity.
  • Completely independent of cloud services, ensuring data privacy and security.
  • Quick response times without waiting for cloud synchronization.
  • Supports local environment variable and configuration management.

Strong Git Integration

  • API collections can be directly version-controlled through Git.
  • Supports branch management for parallel development.
  • Complete change history tracking.
  • Team collaboration is smoother without the need for additional tools.

Open Source and Community Support

  • MIT open-source license, with fully open source code.
  • An active developer community.
  • Regular updates and bug fixes.
  • Supports community contributions and plugin development.

Cross-Platform Compatibility

  • Supports macOS, Windows, and Linux.
  • Provides multiple installation methods:
  • Official installation package
  • Package managers like Homebrew, Chocolatey, etc.
  • Docker container support
  • Unified user experience.

Professional-Level Feature Support

  • Supports all standard HTTP methods.
  • Powerful environment variable management.
  • Built-in testing script functionality.
  • Request linking and dependency management.
  • Response data visualization.
  • Supports GraphQL.
  • Built-in performance analysis tools.

Detailed Comparison of Bruno with Mainstream Tools

compare

Data Storage and Privacy

  • Bruno:
  • Local storage using Bru text format.
  • Complete control over data, zero risk of data leakage.
  • Supports custom storage locations.

  • Can seamlessly integrate into existing development workflows.

  • Postman & Insomnia:

  • Primarily promotes cloud storage models.
  • Requires account login to use full features.
  • Data storage locations are opaque.
  • Potential data security risks.

Version Control and Collaboration

  • Bruno:
  • Native support for Git workflows.
  • Team collaboration without additional subscriptions.
  • Supports code review processes.

  • Can integrate into CI/CD processes.

  • Postman & Insomnia:

  • Team collaboration features require paid subscriptions.
  • Uses proprietary synchronization mechanisms.
  • Limited version control features.
  • Difficult to integrate into existing development processes.

Open Source and Pricing Strategy

  • Bruno:
  • Open source and free, core features are permanently available.
  • Commercial version charges only for enterprise-level features.
  • Transparent development roadmap.

  • Community-driven feature development.

  • Postman & Insomnia:

  • Basic features are free but limited.
  • Core features require subscriptions.
  • Prices may change at any time.
  • Feature updates depend on business decisions.

Practical Application Scenarios

Development Testing

  • Quickly create and test API endpoints.
  • Manage multiple environment configurations.
  • Integrate automated testing.
  • Performance testing and monitoring.

Team Collaboration

  • Share API collections.
  • Unified testing standards.
  • Version control and code review.
  • Collaborative maintenance of documentation.

CI/CD Integration

  • Run automated tests.
  • Continuous integration processes.
  • Generate test reports.
  • Ensure consistency across environments.

Summary

Bruno, with its innovative local-first architecture, seamless Git integration, and open-source features, provides developers with a secure, efficient, and modern API development environment. It is not only a strong alternative to Postman and Insomnia but also represents the future direction of API development tools. Whether you are an individual developer or part of a large team, Bruno can meet your API development and testing needs while maintaining high security and controllability.

  • in Projects
  • 2 min read

Introduction to Abnormal Inspection Projects for Dump Truck Covers

file

Project Introduction

This product is a smart law enforcement solution tailored for the municipal management department of a certain city to detect abnormalities in dump truck covers. The solution utilizes artificial intelligence image/video recognition technology to analyze data in real-time from urban traffic monitoring platforms, identifying suspected abnormal images of dump truck covers, compiling data, and submitting it to relevant law enforcement departments for confirmation and punishment. This system empowers the municipal command center to identify and collect visible violations on the current road in real-time while indexing and matching vehicle information with a whitelist dump truck database, enabling timely punishment for violations and unregistered vehicles, and providing effective data support for action departments.

Data Processing Process

file

Supporting Server

Product: Intelligent Visual Analysis Node Server Brand: BillioTech Model: SHARP-80

file Features: 1. Low cost, quick deployment 2. Soft and hard integrated customized environment 3. Local deployment SDK to ensure data security 4. Self-evolving intelligent recognition model

Interface Display

file

Actual Measurement Effects

  • High recognition rate and fast speed - The algorithm for identifying illegal dump trucks that has been put into use far exceeds the algorithms of existing mature products (such as a certain company's algorithm). The recognition rate for illegal dump trucks reaches over 97%. It effectively helps law enforcement personnel efficiently filter out illegal dump trucks from tens of thousands of suspected targets daily.

  • The algorithm evolves itself; as the municipal management department continues to use it, the ability to judge illegal dump trucks will improve with the number of judgments, thus continuously approaching human judgment levels.

  • Flexible installation, real-time stability, and data security.

This project went live in November 2020 and has been running smoothly, successfully processing 2.5 million vehicle trips to date.